cuatro mg/d versus KCl, 110±2.7 mg/d; P<0.001) ( Table 1 ). K-cit increased the mean overall urinary pH (K-cit, 7.51±0.04 versus KCl, 6.71±0.05; P<0.001). K-cit reduced mean overall urinary NH4 (K-cit, 0.25±0.01 mmol/d versus KCl, 0.41±0.01 mmol/d; P<0.001). K-cit increased the mean overall urinary sulfate (K-cit, 1.08±0.02 mEq/d versus KCl, 0.86±0.02 mEq/d; P<0.001). Each of these changes was present at each time point. Overall mean urinary uric acid excretion did not differ (K-cit, 1.6±0.1 mg/d versus KCl, 2.0±0.2 mg/d; P=NS).
Desk step 1.
Urinary citrate, pH and sulfate were increased while NH4, chloride, sodium and K were the same or decreased with K-cit compared to KCl
Values was conveyed as indicate±SEM. Pee are collected to own twenty four hr in the six, 12, and you will 18 wk to choose solute levels just like the discussed from the To the stage Steps.
K-cit resulted in a slightly lower overall mean urinary sodium (K-cit, 2.16±0.03 mmol/d versus KCl, 2.36±0.04; P<0.001), which was significant at 6 and 18 weeks but not at 12 weeks ( Table 1 ). K-cit resulted in a slightly but significantly lower mean overall urinary K (K-cit, 4.8±0.04 mmol/d versus KCl, 5.3±0.08 mmol/d; P<0.001) that was significant at each time period. As expected, the rats receiving K-cit excreted less chloride than the rats receiving KCl (K-cit, 2.2±0.07 mEq/d versus KCl, 6.4±0.15 mEq/d; P<0.001), which was significant at each 6-week time period. K-cit did not alter the overall mean urine volume (K-cit, 47.3±1.6 ml/d versus KCl, 53.0±2.7 ml/d; P=NS) or the overall mean urinary creatinine (K-cit, ±0.17 mg/d versus KCl, ±0.22 mg/d; P=NS).
Urine Supersaturation
K-cit led to a significant increase in the urinary supersaturation with respect to both CaP (K-cit, 8.5±0.6 versus KCl, 4.9±0.2; P<0.001) and CaOx (K-cit, 9.8±0.5 versus KCl, 5.5±0.2; P<0.001) and a reduction of supersaturation with respect to uric acid (K-cit, 0.003±0.0005 versus KCl, 0.022±0.003; P<0.001) ( Figure 2 ). Each of these differences was significant at each time period.
Urinary supersaturation (SS) of CaP and CaOx were increased and uric acid SS was decreased with K-cit. Urine was collected for 24 hours at 6, 12, and 18 weeks to determine solute levels that were used to calculate relative supersaturation as described in the Concise Methods. Values for relative supersaturation are mean±SEM and are unitless. *K-cit different from KCl, same time period, P<0.05.
Serum Levels
Solution levels of calcium and you can PTH failed to disagree ranging from K-cit–provided and you will KCl-provided rats, while serum phosphate accounts were ;provided rats ( Shape 3 ).
K-cit decreased serum phosphate levels but did not change serum Ca or PTH. At the conclusion of the 18-week study, these levels were determined as described in the Concise Methods. Values are mean±SEM. *K-cit different from KCl, same time period, P<0.05.
Stone Creation
K-cit did not replace the number of rocks designed or extent out of calcification throughout the kidneys ( Profile cuatro ). All of the rats shaped rocks from comparable proportions and you can thickness and had similar degrees of calcification from inside the kidney and you may get together system.
Kidney stone creation and calcification was not other during the mice provided KCl otherwise K-cit. At the conclusion of the 18-times studies, the latest the total amount away from kidney stones and you can calcification is influenced by around three observers given that explained regarding To the point Actions. Extent out of kidney calcification has also been computed as demonstrated from the To aplicaciones de citas asexuales the stage Procedures. (A) User radiographs off kidneys out of rats getting KCl or K-cit. Calcification scores with the photographs found are provided since a guide. (B) Quantitation out of brick formation and you may calcification in most rats finding KCl otherwise K-cit. Thinking is actually indicate±SEM.
Apparent stones was dissected from member kidneys from one another groups and you can assessed having amazingly morphology. Brand new diffraction patterns for everyone examined products have been congruent to the diffraction trend from biologic apatite, a limit brick ( Profile 5 , top). That have the means to access alert electron microscopy (TEM), all renal brick deposits had a baton- or needle-such as for instance figure, just as the morphology out of biologic apatite deposits ( Profile 5 , bottom) and you will in lieu of the fresh new octahedral crystal morphology away from CaOx.